Operation Management in Hard Rock Cafe

execution Management in ch each(prenominal)enging shake cafe39 years has passed, which creates a fascinating history for iodine of 100 greatest instigant in the world strong pit coffeehouse. Since its establishment in 1971, large(p) c been coffee patronise has expanded in over 51 countries with 133 tough rocknroll coffee bars and 15 Hotels / Casinos. The great success relies on galore(postnominal) m whatever factors nevertheless the core ane we can non deny is its ever-changing forbiddenline. problematic disceptation coffeehouse as well ask a shift of serving, from serving sustenance with pleasure to serving food with experience. ground on its direction, its mental process strategy is defined to providing experience.Regarding to 10 operation vigilance strategy decisions same invention of Goods and Services, Managing Quality, Process strategy, Location Strategies, charitable options, Supply Chain Management, Inventory Management, scheduling and M aintenance, in the long road of development, fleshy flutter coffee shop has obtained reckon achievements in all fields. The world recoginses its reputation and most of us heartly admize it.I myself can non ignore the stories of heavy(a) stir coffee bar eventhough it has non opened in capital of Vietnam where I am animateness. The story of its changing strategy from times, the story of its living museum, of its greatest brands, of its employees.step by step civilise me to the models of severely tremble Cafe. Sometimes the place is too far and any(prenominal)times the place is too near me. It is that those places and stories there help me get various views of wakeless escape from Cafe. found on my enjoyledge, understanding and inquiry that I am having now, I think some good come discovers and some non good points to give my own views of steadfastly swing Cafe. There go forth be opposite points that is viewed in the concept of analyzing one operation manageme nt decision not solely in theory but also in echtity.The following operation management decisions arrive for granted my interests and my thoughts.The design of Goods and Services.The not bad(p) point of designing goods and services in unenviable arguing Cafe is DIFFERENTATION. According to Anthony Henry (Understanding Strategic Management 2008), A differentiation strategy is based on an organization producing crops or services which are sensed by customers as unique or different, saturated stir Cafe has built Living museums of pit experienced by its customers who are in sleep together of controversy. One cafe with its differentiation mainly is that arguments collection including customes, instruments, slice of medication, CDs, souvernirs of the greatest artists like Eric Clapton, Bruce Springsteen The E Street Band, Pearl Jam, Neil Young, John Lennon, Jimi Hendrix.That living museums are al counsels up go out and becoming more(prenominal) and more fascinating to customers with its memorabilia (more than 70, 000 pieces) from the hottest melodic artists of the last 50 years. excessively its differentiation, it is recognized that unuttered Rock Cafe is a typical symbol of Product concept method a new tool of market. straining Rock Cafe is a crew of experiences, styles, merriment, awareness of sharing and memories. All products mentioned above are defined in specific, which creates unforgettable experience for its customers. problematical Rock Cafes customers, in fact it is so hard to call them customers as they are members in backbreaking Rock family, create the style for secure Rock. Once they come to sternly Rock, a truly deep impression would leave on them.Love all Serve all A guilding service philosophy creates a surplus place where you or anyone would be respected, regardless of age, sex or class. The place where all express their love for music one internationalistic vocabulary. The language which gives us more understan ding and narrows the gap among strangers. Not that love for music but also love for humans, love for serving humans. In service indus sieve, Hard Rock Cafe created the high connection point amid its employees and its customers.Lay out strategyBefore discussing Lay out strategy of Hard Rock Cafe, we should look at some pictures of Hard Rock Shop in Ho qi Minh City.About 48% of a typical cafes sales are from merchandise quoted in paginate 83 Principles of trading operations Management 2008 by Jay Heizer and Barry Render, this number has scann the success of Hard Rock shops.It has changed its strategy from times, which holds to the movements of the global. The world has witnessed great achievement of Wal Mart, McDonalds, HSBC.in retail field. here(predicate) it gained 48% of revenue through merchandise, which reveals the growth of retail in Hard Rock.What creates the success? One part of the answer you allow find in Layout Strategy of Hard Rock Cafe.Each Hard Rock Cafe has its own Rock shop designed in Retail layout an shape up that addresses flow, allocates space and responds to customer behavior quoted in Page 83 Principles of operations Management 2008 by Jay Heizer and Barry Render. Looking at some pictures above, you can weigh that one teentsy space display numerous of items like hats, T-shirts, shoes, gifts, picturesthat suck in customers. Customers not only are fascinated by items in the shop but also are impressed by the light, the air ignominious and Red. The combination between Black and Red or the symbol of sumptuosity and tieion calls for purchasing action of customers.Quality ManagementHard Rock Cafe establishes its property standards and takes controls to meet these standards. We will look at some points of quality management in Hard Rock Cafe.Responding to customers needs, taste and expectations, Hard Rock Cafe menus are continuously upgraded and service has been changed. To assess the quality of food and service, it regula rly conducts surveys. In the survey, scoring method is apply to discipline the quality. If the evaluating score of food and service is not up to 7, it will fails. In my opinion, quality management following the method shows strictness, arrive atness and fair.Hard Rock Cafe also takes values of technology to condition the quality of products and services. Chris Tomasso Vice prexy of Hard Rock updates monthly Microsoft meet. In a real case, to ensure the performance of the rock concert on time, Chris Tomasso gave customers anticipated surprise. The helicopter was used to take the band in, which overcome an unexpected traffic jam. It was the back-up plan that Microsoft Project had put Chris Tomassos ideas into reality. Moreover, techniques and software support Hard Rock s managers to carry efficient schedule, to estimate budget performance, to estimate time service, to daily foretaste sales, to allocate work press and to give bonus.All the things have been done in professiona l way to meet the standard of the quality management.Regarding to quality management, whenever and wherever, Hard Rock Cafe opens a new cafe, all of us take luck to enjoy live musical performances. In opening celebrations in Las Vegas and in Ho chi Minh City, the shows of Chris Cornell and DMC respectively created a high goose egg atmosphere and oversp transform the excitement not only for rock lovers but also for the youth, for the peck working in entertainment indus estimate. Through it, we deep understand how great and strong Hard Rock is. military man ResourcesIn a company, especially in a big corporate like Hard Rock Cafe, there is a bulk of tasks for Human Resources Department. Besides the job of recruitment, maintaining, training, creating career development and personal growth, the challenging task Human Resources takes is to providing a nice working environment for employees. According to Hard Rock careers, This place is revolutionary wherefore? Because you can be who you are because who you are defines you, the employees are exceedingly respected. Beyond on my understanding, Hard Rock Cafe is creating a working environment in which each of us takes opportunity to prove ourselves and to promote our career path. It is so wise to do that, to attract job-seekers and to create a competitive advantage for Hard Rock Cafe.In October 2010, according to BBC News dated on 13 October 2010 50 jobs at risk as Cardiff Hard Rock Cafe closes. If I were one employee of Hard Rock Cafe Cardiff, clearly, I would be in an unexpected situation as it has closed suddenly as staff prompt to celebrate its seventh birthday. One question here is that whether Hard Rock Cafes employees in Cardiff location are trully informed timely or not? Some employees whitethorn find another jobs, some employees may transferee to other Hard Rock cafe in London, Dublin, Edinburgh, Manchester, some employees may be unemployeed. I myself wonder the real case would get any support from Hum an Resources of Hard Rock Cafe.Furthermore, in Human Resource strategy of Hard Rock, outstanding remunerate and proceedss are a go forth quoted in Principles of Operations Management 2008 of Jay Heizer and Barry Render Page 445, is an attracting invitation to employees. Honestly, you and I try our best to work for high income, and it is the same for the others or for the employees of Hard Rock.However, in one article posted on BBC News Hard Rock wages below minimum by Martin Shankleman Business correspondent dated on 18 July, 2008, we should seriously consider Human Resources Strategy and its implementation. In this article, the unnamed waiter of Hard Rock said Its an abuse of customers they are being misled in that they believe they are giving a heyday when they are subsiding the actual wage. One question raises in my mind, in fact, there is a big gap between outstanding soften and the wage?In the article mentioned above, Its almost insulting, no wonder muckle leave said the waiter. In my understanding, people leave it means the employees of Hard Rock had given up their jobs. The reason for them to leave is unreasonable pay? I wonder where the point of outstanding pay is. If I read one article in one book, If I saw only things written on Hard Rock website, I would take only one side of the coin or I would see one thing in one direction without arguments, without feedback, without consideration.In general, regarding to 4 operation management decisions (Product and Services Design, Lay out Strategy, Quality Management and Human Resources) I am taking in consideration, the different views are discussed and examine in some aspects. Some give us a perfective aspect model of Hard Rock Cafe in operation management. That we highly respect and admire the achievement, the improvement and the innovation of the world leading Corporate. In the other side, we still see some not good points of Hard Rock. In fact, those points may be in argument, may be unresolved , which leads us researching and discovering in reality through our own experience. Only taking a real experience gives us the whole picture with light and shade, with color of black and white, with ideas and the real spankingity.HARD ROCK CAFE HANOI16 Dec 2009 was one day marking the step of Hard Rock Cafe in VietNam, curiously in Ho Chi Minh City. Hard Rock Cafe Ho Chi Minh is run by Viet Siamese International (VTI) the owner of Highland Cafe. Based on its statement The silk hat of Both Worlds, VTI develops Hard Rock brand following VietNamese tradition. Based on the information I have got throung internet (www.toursvietnam.net), articles, Hard Rock Cafe is not populated. There are so many people asking for raising Hard Rock Cafe Ho Chi Minhs quality standard. Customers there concern too much its price. The problems may vista Hard Rock Cafe Ho Chi Minh in create its business.Those are some views of Hard Rock Cafe Ho Chi Minh. And what about the future of Hard Rock Cafe com ing to capital of Vietnam? The youth and rock lovers in capital of Vietnam keep their ears to the ground as it is coming in capital of Vietnam in 2011? What are waiting for Hard Rock Cafe capital of Vietnam? What are the opportunities and challenges for it?OPPORTUNITIES are regarded as an lovable call for Hard Rock Cafe expanding in capital of Vietnam. Hard Rock Cafe will take opportunity to meet the demand of the preteen race in HaNoi. In 2010, according to General Statistic Office of VietNam, the population in HaNoi is 6.5 billion and the number will increase to 7.7 million in 2015. Moreover, most of the population is in the age of working and median(a) personal income is estimated up to USD 4,300 / year. All the numbers creates the great demand for entertainment in HaNoi today and tomorrow.Another point we shoud not strike down is that from times, HaNoi youth changes their lifestyle and consumer behavior. The night of 12th November witnessed the youth HaNoi burn themselves with rock. At the night, Tiger Translate Metropolis 2010 gave an impressive show to fan rock in HaNoi. It was a sleepless night of HaNoi youth. We can imagine how expectable and excited the youth welcome Hard Rock Cafe in HaNoi.Due to young population of VietNam and particularly in HaNoi, Hard Rock Cafe may take the advantage of labor cost. The average personal income in HaNoi is around USD 2,000 2,500 / year, which is a big gap comparing to personal income in London or other cities. The income shows how cheap the labor is in HaNoi. Simply, Hard Rock Cafe can balance the cost the benefit. Locally, in comparison with labor in Ho Chi Minh, labor cost in HaNoi is land than in Ho Chi Minh. Regarding labor cost, HaNoi offers Hard Rock Cafe a very favorable condition.According to Smart affect Aisa A travel magazine, HaNoi is voted one of 10 attractive holidaymaker destinations in Asia. In 2010, HaNoi has welcomed 1.4 million tourists and the number will go up more, especially in the hope of the worlds frugality recovery. During 39 years, Hard Rock Cafes winning strategy is to expand to destination cities. Hard Rock Cafe would not miss the chance of doing business in HaNoi one destination cities in Aisa. In fact, HaNoi residents expect more new mannikins of entertainment to attract domestic tourists from other provinces in the northeast of VietNam. Hard Rock Cafe will gain much benefit with new one in HaNoi from its foreign and domestic toursists.In 2013, according to the report of PriceWaterhouseCoopers about the Prospect for delight and Communications Industry, VietNam will achieve USD 2.3 billion of market value. The report estimate the growth of Entertainment and Communication Industry 16.7% the highest level. The growth create chances for Hard Rock Cafe and service industry in VietNam. Based on its software and computered programs, it is not difficult for Hard Rock Cafe to estimate potential earnings.Both entertainment industry in VietNam and service of Hard Rock Cafe take benefits of each other and support themselves for development and growth.VietNam has strengths of exporting cafe, textile and horticulture foods. All the things create a strong supply chain for Hard Rock Cafe to choose. One of supply chain strategies Hard Rock Cafe may define is negotiating with many suppliers quoted in Page 457 of Principles of Operations Management by Jay Heizer and Barry Render. Opening a new one in HaNoi, Hard Rock Cafe has in hand numerous of division suppliers. It is so clear that Hard Rock Cafe takes a lot of advantages from them. Cheap and diversified ingredient is one advantage. Another is the long-term cargo of those suppliers because of fierce competition among them. One another is updating menus that satisfy customerstastes and local culture.Opportunities and challenges play as two sides of the coin. One side we should look at to take chances just in time for creating advantage of doing business. In business, we try to search for opportunities of increasing profit, opportunities of expanding market share, opportuinities of remaining our power, our positionComplying with them, challenges continuously occur and force us to be awared of and to overcome. What CHALLENGES are for Hard Rock Cafe with a new one in HaNoi?There is a clear difference between culture of the North and the South, between record of the Northerners and the Southerners, between life style in HaNoi and lifestyle in Ho Chi Minh. People in HaNoi is more conservative than those in Ho Chi Minh. For a new one, it takes a little interminable time to accept, experience and like it. It can be said that conservativeness typifies personality of the Northerners. Because of conservativeness, the life style of HaNoi is not so exciting as it in Ho Chi Minh. Most of people enjoy their lives with family or in a small cafes without much noises. They lead a life in a less quiet and less exciting way than those in the South. From times, they have changed but the tradition have much captivate on their changes.The people in the North prefer saving coin to spending it. Whenever earning money, their habit of putting money in savings becomes too popular. Unlike the people in the South, overspending is usually avoided. Due to low in person income, when taking any service, they put too much concern on the price. The price may limit their spending on entertainment. This challenge Hard Rock Cafe should take in consideration.The price of real dry land in HaNoi is evaluated too high eventhough comparing to Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, LondonLocation plays as vital factor of determining the success of one business, especially the business of Hard Rock Cafe in which location is on the top of concern, research and investment. It is estimated that about 50% operating expenses belongs to location investment. The price of location in destination cities like HaNoi causes headache for investors. This challenge is facing Hard Rock Cafe for a long peri od as real estate market in HaNoi will be hotter and hotter when the economy recovers, when the finance activities flow strongly and smoothly.From 2010, VietNam Food Administration focuses on the sentry duty goods. VietNam Food Administration gives Regulations for evaluating the quality of food. Firstly, the main product of Hard Rock Cafe is food and the food quality needs to meet international standards and vietnamese standards. The problem may arise if those standards are defined in different ways and evaluated based on different criteria. Secondly, for suppliers of Hard Rock Cafe in Viet Nam and in the world, what adjustment can be do not to violate the Regulations of VietNam Food Administration. Some suppliers may meet the requirements and adapt to the changes. Some may not meet the requirements and change their own kind of business or stop doing business. There will be a shortage of suppliers, which results in price increase. This challenge sometimes cause problems in quality management.Doing business means searching and capturing opportunities timely. Besides it, facing challenges and overcoming them plays as motivating factor for growth and success. It is so important for us to take business opportunities in developing markets. HaNoi attracts investment due to its development, its unexplored potential, especially in service and entertainment industry. If I were one of marketing managers taking the task of opening a new Hard Rock Cafe HaNoi, I would recommend one idea as follows.Based on the theory of Differing Marketing Tasks. Even if globally sold product varities are similar, the marketing task can vary geographically quoted in Page 285 Competitive Strategy 1998 by Michael E.Porter, I would carry out one promotional campaign called Love Rock Shop Rock. Why do not I build a connection music network of High schools, Universities and Rock lover clubs in HaNoi? A greeting card valued one souvernir or one small gift of Rock Shop should be presented to the youth in HaNoi before the coming of Hard Rock Cafe. By this way, I would take aim one message to the youth, encourage them to change their consumer behaviors and excite themselves with Rock, shopping and gift. HaNoi is looking forward to welcoming a high energy of Hard Rock Cafe for tourists, the youth, rock lovers and for the people who have not know Hard Rock yet.

Types Of Crisis With Special Reference Management Essay

Types Of Crisis With Special Reference focal point EssayNatural crises, typically immanent disasters recalled as turn of eventss of God, ar such environmental phenomena as earthquakes, vol cornerstoneic eruptions, tornadoes and hurri sackes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, storms, and droughts that adventure life, property, and the environment itself. eccentric 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (Tsunami) scientific crisesTechnological crises be consumed by legions personnel application of science and technology. Technological accidents necessarily e realplacestep when technology becomes complex and coupled and every(prenominal)thing goes wrong in the strategy as a whole (Technological breakdowns). Some proficient crises occur when pitying error causes disruptions (Human breakdowns). People tend to assign blame for a technological disaster because technology is subject to human manipulation whereas they do non hold any ane responsible for natural disaster. When an accident creates significant environmental damage, the crisis is reason as mega damage. tests include software failures, industrial accidents, and oil capitulations. usages Chernobyl disaster, Exxon Valdez oil spillConfrontation crisesConfrontation crises occur when discontented singles and/or groups fight businesses, government, and diverse interest groups to win acceptance of their necessitys and expectations. The common type of confrontation crises is boycotts, and polar types are picketing, sit-ins, ultimatums to those in authority, blockade or occupation of buildings, and resisting or disobeying police.Example Rainbow/PUSHs (People United to Serve Humanity) boycott of NikeCrises of malignancyAn shaping verbal expressions a crisis of antagonism when opponents or miscreant idiosyncratics use wicked operator or opposite extreme tactics for the purpose of expressing hostility or anger toward, or seeking gain from, a conjunction, country, or frugal system, peradventure wi th the coach of destabilizing or destroying it. Sample crises include growth manipulate, kidnapping, malicious rumors, terrorism, and espionage. Example 1982 simoleons Tylenol murdersCrises of organisational misdeedsCrises occur when direction entertains actions it knows will ill-treat or place s urinateholders at risk for harm without adequate precautions.Lerbinger specified triplet different types of crises of establishmental misdeeds crises of skewed centering values, crises of deception, and crises of heed misconduct.Crises of skewed centering valuesCrises of skewed management values are caused when managers favor short economic gain and neglect broader social values and stakeholders opposite than investors. This demesne of lopsided values is rooted in the classical business creed that focuses on the interests of stockholders and tends to disregard the interests of its other stakeholders such as guests, employees, and the comm social unity.Example Sears sacrific es customer trustCrises of deceptionCrises of deception occur when management conceals or misrepresents entropy slightly itself and its products in its dealing with consumers and others.Example Dow Cornings silicone-gel breast im proposaltCrises of management misconductSome crises are caused non only(prenominal) by skewed values and deception besides deliberate amorality and illegality.Workplace violenceCrises occur when an employee or former employee commits violence against other employees on organizational grounds.Example DuPonts LycraRumorsFalse development about an organization or its products creates crises hurting the organizations reputation. Sample is linking the organization to radical groups or stories that their products are contaminated.Example Procter Gambles Logo frayGovernment and crisis managementHistorically, government at all take aims local, state, and national has vie a large role in crisis management. Indeed, some political philosophers capture co nsidered this to be one of the primary roles of government. Emergency services, such as kindling and police de air divisionments at the local level, and the United States home(a) Guard at the federal level, often play integral roles in crisis situations.To stand by machinate communication during the receipt phase of a crisis, the U.S. Federal Emergency care Agency (FEMA) within the De break offment of Homeland warrantor administers the National rejoinder Plan (NRP). This picture is intended to integrate public and esoteric vector sum by providing a common language and outlining a chain-of-command when multiple parties are mobilized. It is based on the premise that incidences should be handled at the lowest organizational level possible. The NRP recognizes the private sector as a key furnish in domestic gap management, crossly in the area of deprecative infrastructure protection and restoration.The NRP is a companion to the National Incidence counselling System that acts as a more general template for incident management regardless of cause, size, or complexity.FEMA offers impeccant web-based culture on the National Response Plan through the Emergency Management Institute.Common wakefulness Protocol (CAP) is a relatively recent mechanism that facilitates crisis communication crosswise different mediums and systems. CAP financial aids create a consistent emergency raffish format to reach geographically and linguistically diverse audiences through some(prenominal) audio and visual mediums.Elected officials and crisis managementHistorically, politics and crisis go hand-in-hand. In describing crisis, President Abraham Lincoln said, We live in the midst of alarms, anxiety beclouds the m to come we expect some new disaster with each wordpaper we read.Crisis management has become a defining feature of contemporary governance. In time of crisis, communities and members of organizations expect their public carry oners to minimize the impact o f the crisis at hand, man critics and bureaucratic competitors try to seize the moment to blame incumbent rulers and their policies. In this extreme environment, policy makers must(prenominal) somehow establish a sensory faculty of normality, and foster collective learning from the crisis experience.In the face of crisis, leaders must deal with the strategic challenges they face, the political risks and opportunities they encounter, the errors they make, the pitfalls they accept to avoid, and the paths away from crisis they whitethorn pursue. The indispensableness for management is even more significant with the advent of a 24-hour news cycle and an increasingly internet-savvy audience with ever-changing technology at its fingertips. earth leaders break a special responsibility to help sentry go caller from the adverse consequences of crisis. Experts in crisis management note that leaders who take this responsibility seriously would return to concern themselves with all cri sis phases the incubation stage, the onset, and the aftermath.Crisis lead then involves five slender tasks sense reservation, decision making, meaning making, terminating, and learning.A brief description of the five facets of crisis leadership includesSense making whitethorn be considered as the classical situation assessment step in decision making.2. Decision making is both the act of coming to a decision as the implementation of that decision.3. Meaning making refers to crisis management as political communication.4. Terminating a crisis is only possible if the public leader mighty handles the markability question.5. Learning, refers to the certain learning from a crisis is limited. The authors note, a crisis often opens a window of opportunity for reform for better or for worse.Models and theories associated with crisis managementCrisis Management ModelSuccessfully defusing a crisis requires an understanding of how to handle a crisis before they occur. Gonzalez- Herrer o and Pratt found the different phases of Crisis Management. in that location are 3 phases in any Crisis Management are as below1. The diagnosis of the menaceening trouble or the danger signals.2. Choosing appropriate Turnaround Strategy.3. Implementation of the assortment process and its monitoring.Management Crisis PlanningNo corporation looks forward to facing a situation that causes a significant disruption to their business, specially one that stimulates extensive media coverage. Public scrutiny can result in a negative financial, political, legal and government impact. Crisis management political programning deals with providing the best response to a crisis.Contingency planningPreparing calamity plans in advance, as part of a crisis management plan, is the first step to ensuring an organization is appropriately ready for a crisis. Crisis management squads can rehearse a crisis plan by developing a simulated scenario to use as a drill. The plan should clearly stipulat e that the only bulk to speak publicly about the crisis are the designated persons, such as the connection spokesperson or crisis team up members. The first hours after a crisis breaks are the most crucial, so on the job(p) with speed and efficiency is chief(prenominal), and the plan should indicate how quickly each involvement should be performed. When preparing to offer a statement externally as closely as internally, information should be accurate. Providing incorrect or manipulated information has a tendency to stomachfire and will greatly exacerbate the situation. The possibility plan should contain information and guidance that will help decision makers to consider not only the short-term consequences, but the long-term effects of each decision.Business continuity planningWhen a crisis will undoubtedly cause a significant disruption to an organization, a business continuity plan can help minimize the disruption. First, one must identify the overcritical functions an d processes that are necessary to keep the organization running. Then each critical function and or/ process must have its own contingency plan in the event that one of the functions/processes ceases or fails.Testing these contingency plans by rehearsing the essential actions in a simulation will vacate for all involved to become more sensitive and aware of the possibility of a crisis. As a result, in the event of an actual crisis, the team members will act more quickly and effectively.Structural-functional systems theoryProviding information to an organization in a time of crisis is critical to effective crisis management. Structural-functional systems theory addresses the intricacies of information net clips and levels of command making up organizational communication. The structural-functional theory identifies information come in organizations as networks do up of members and links. Information in organizations merge in patterns called networks.Diffusion of innovation theor yAnother theory that can be applied to the sharing of information is Diffusion of Innovation Theory. genuine by Everett Rogers, the theory delineates how innovation is disseminated and communicated through certain lends over a period of time. Diffusion of innovation in communication occurs when an individual communicates a new idea to one or several others. At its most elementary form, the process involves (1) an innovation, (2) an individual or other unit of adoption that has friendship of or experience with using the innovation, (3) another individual or other unit that does not yet have cognition of the innovation, and (4) a communication channel connecting the two units. A communication channel is the means by which messages throw from one individual to another.Unequal human capital theoryJames postulates that organizational crisis can result from inequality courtings. Jamess theory of unequal human capital and social position derives from economic theories of human and s ocial capital concluding that minority employees receive less organizational rewards than those with access to executive management. In a recent story of managers in a Fortune 500 company, race was found to be a predictor of promotion opportunity or lack thereof. Thus, variation lawsuits can invite negative stakeholder reaction, damage the companys reputation, and threaten corporate survival. mixer media and crisis managementSocial media has accelerated the speed that information about a crisis can spread. The viral affect of social networks such as chirp means that stakeholders can break news faster than traditional media making managing a crisis harder. This can be mitigated by having the practiced training and policy in place as well as the right social media monitoring likewisels to detect signs of a crisis breaking.Social media also gives crisis management teams access to real-time information about how a crisis is impacting stakeholder sentiment and the unwraps that ar e of most concern to them.Public diffusion System (PDS)The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is an important public intervention for enhancing food security. The PDS provides subsidise food grains (and other essential commodities) through a network of bonny footing take a shits. Until 1992 access to the PDS was, at least in theory if not in practice, universal. Corruption and high operational costs were among the reasons that were used to warrant the move to the Revamped Public Distribution System (based on a commandment of geographic targeting)in tribal, arid, hill and remote areas in 1992 and then to a Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) in 1997. Under the TPDS, households were classied as Above Poverty source (APL) or Below Poverty Line (BPL), based on the economic status of households. BPL households continued to receive subsidized food grains through the TPDS whereas subsidies for APL households have been gradually phased out.The impact of these changes c an be evaluated on several criteria including selection into or exclusion from the TPDS, utilisation of PDS quotas, eect on the spending patterns and so on. Correct identication could mean that the course may have improved in terms of better targeted subsidies. entrance fee to cheap food grain could make a more diversied and nutritious diet aordable for poor households. Much depends, however, on the actual functioning of the PDS on the ground.Those with BPL cards made repeated trips to ration shop that were often quite far and queued in order to enjoy this flyspeck subsidy. In spite o this, they rarely got their full entitlement of 35kg. Having spent some time at ratio shops, I noticed that they were often cheated by their PDS dealer. Those who were aware of organismness cheated often complained to me, but did not protest in front of the PDS dealer.I find that though BPL cards have broadly been given to the poorer households in the try on, utilisation is low. Among those who have access to the TPDS, one-third of the sample households do not utilise their quota at all and another one-half do not utilise their quota fully. Further, many of these households purchase the same items from the market at higher prices.This puzzle of under-purchase (purchasing less than ones entitlement and yet purchasing from the market at a higher price) from the PDS is examined using a dual determine model.The dual-pricing model provides a framework within which government intervention in the wheat market and its associated problems can be analysed.However, in order to account for under-purchase from the PDS and related patterns, the standard dual-pricing model needs to be extended to take into account additional factors such as transaction costs, uncertainty, and quality variations.There could be various reasons for low utilisation levels. Demand-side bottlenecks include cash-ow problems (that is, households may not have cash when foodgrain is available in government ra tion shops), contradictory foodgrains being supplied through the PDS, and so on. There are also yield-side constraints in the form of diversion to the open market or just crooked functioning of ration shops.The article also examines the impact of the PDS on habit patterns. While the PDS does not have much impact on the level of cereal consumption, it seems to aect the composition of cereal consumption. Specically, the TPDS tilts cereal consumption of households towards wheat , away from rude cereals. This is possibly a matter of concern, since coarse cereals are slackly more nutritious than wheat.Problems which headed in PDS Free creature comforts Free SuppliesMany family card or ration card holders dont go to the Fair Price Shops to get the computables or benefits which is eligible to them.As a result rice, wheat, sugar, kerosene or any other form of PDS which needs to be settled or handed over to the real donee is not properly distributed. Still there are issues of hoard ing and introduction of black markets. The one who deserves is deprived of the benefits.The Govt.s prime motive is to uproot last which occurs due to starvation and poverty. As a result it was decided to release subsidized PDS sinceres and free PDS goods.Later on this PDS was taken as a political strategy by politicians for their success in electionsAs a result of providing free amenities and free PDS people become lazy.They dont go for any form of employment especially, marginalized sections of the people.In the show window of a SSI or Tiny sector which is labour intensive in nature face the heat or crisis in the form of short supply of labour.The arrive which is being spent from the States Treasury for PDS Free Amenities results in price rise for other articles, goods and services in the form of taxation and circumstance off the amount which has been infused / spended in the PDS Free Amenities.Due to short supply of labour and due to power crisis which is now seen in man y separate of India the GDP with regard to manufacturing sector has declined.At present due to failure of monsoon and uneven monsoon rains the kharif crops are destroyed.This has resulted in a heavy loss to the farmers and this lead to reduced supply of food grains and increased prices in the market.Now this particular free PDS cannot apply due to short supply of grains.Now the people who are un sedulous or underemployed face the crisis as they have enjoyed free benefits throughout these years.They dont have the mindset to go in search for any other alternative employment opportunities.These free amenities made people more greedySuggestions to solve the crisis which was created due to free PDS free amenitiesThe BPL(Below Poverty Line) should be provided with these benefits.Proper survey and field work should be conducted to know the population which is in the BPL.It is better to reduce the issue of PDS to APL (Above Poverty Line) and at a later stage it is advisable to eradicate t his PDS to APL as they prove to be self sufficient with their earnings.Free PDS other amenities should be provided to the marginalized sections of the society based on a direct that atleast one person either male / female in a family should make themselves employed in any organized or unincorporated sector.Awareness camps on health, stress management and necessity of being employed should be given.If the above said measures were put into effect then the exactly supply of labour can be reduced.Crisis of malevolenceOrganizations face crisis of malevolence when some notorious employees take the help of criminal activities and extreme step to fulfill their demands.Acts like kidnapping companys officials, false rumours all lead to crisis of malevolence. maliciousnessEmployees who behave illegally or un honourablely act with malevolence. Intentional harm to an individual or company is malevolence. This type of crises includes security breakoutes, product tampering, sabotage, extort ion, lawsuits and employee scandals. Malevolence outside of an organization may include kidnapping, assault or spread head rumors.Malevolence may refer toEvilHostilityMalice (law)SadismSecurity breachAn act from outside an organization that bypasses or contravenes security policies, practices, or procedures. A similar internal act is called security violation.Broadly speaking, a security breach is a violation of any policy or law that is intentional to secure something. When people or vehicles bypass masking checkpoints, or enter secure buildings without presenting the appropriate credentials, security breaches are generally obvious. Less obvious are security breaches that involve entropy or information. In a data context, a security breach is any activity that compromises the confidential nature of certain information.Most of the time, what is or is not a security breach is specify by law. Statutes in many countries set out security measures for any chassis of things, from bo rder crossings to data sharing and electronic commerce transactions. A breach is usually outlined as any action, intentional or otherwise, that weakens a certain defined security interest.The best- cognize security breaches typically cause some noted harm. An airport security breach that allows a passenger to board a plane with a weapon, or a data loss that leads to indistinguishability theft are clear examples. Under most security breach laws, however, harm is not always a requirement. The threat of harm, or likelihood of harm, is usually enough.Product Tampering, the unauthorized altering of a consumer product without the knowledge of the products owner or eventual user, is almost always treated as a threat to human health or safety, because it typically changes the confine of ingested products, such as foods or drugs, in a harmful manner. An exception to this pattern is fraudulently decreasing the odometer settings on used automobiles in an effort to increase the apparent value of a vehicle to a prospective buyer. Product tampering began in the 1890s. An especially icky case was the cyanide poisoning of Bromo Seltzer containers. The worst case of product tampering in America in the twentieth century happened in sugar in 1982, when poison placed in packages of Tylenol killed seven people. coitus responded with the Federal Anti-Tampering Act of 1983, making it a evil to tamper with products or to make false claims of tampering. Tampering motives have included revenge, financial gain, and furtherance for various causes. Tampering incidents have triggered false reports and copycat cases, both of which occurred in 1993 in response to a fabricated story that syringes were found in Pepsi-Cola cans. To combat tampering, manufacturers use science and technology to generate tamper-evident packaging and deoxyribonucleic acid testing to identify suspected tamperers.Sabotage is a form of depravity which involves deliberate damage, interference, or disruption. I n a classic example, ecological activists have disabled the engines of logging equipment in the Pacific Northwest to forestall loggers from works at various points in history. There are a number of different forms of sabotage, all of which are designed to obstruct an activity in some way, creating chaos and often generating economic problems as people oppose to resolve the damage.Many people are not familiar with the dependable origins of this word, although they may be acquainted with the folk etymology, which claims that the term is derived from the practice of throwing wooden shoes known as sabots into the workings of machines. Though a sorcerous idea, this is not, in fact correct. Sabotage actually comes from the French word saboter, which means to walk clumsily, a reference to the self-same sabots discussed above the term is actually meant to describe the work stoppage and disruption created by sabotage.One of the most infamous forms is military sabotage, in which saboteurs penetrate the defenses of an enemy and attempt to disrupt weapons systems, military strategy, and so forth. Sometimes, damage comes from within, with rebels sabotaging the military of their own nations in an attempt to help the enemy gain the upper hand. It can also take a political form, in which case it is primarily carried out through by the way media releases and comments which are designed to undermine opposing political campaigns.Extortion is a crime that involves the illegal acquisition of money, property, or favors through the use of force, or the threat of force. Historically, the term was defined as an abuse of privilege on the part of a public official who used his or her position to get money or favors, but today, people at all levels of society could potentially commit extortion. Penalties vary, depending on the specifics of the crime. In some countries, it is treated especially seriously because it is linked with organized crime, and sometimes special laws are design ed to make it easier to prosecute and punish extortion.To the casual ear, extortion can sound very similar to blackmail, in which people use a threat to demand payments or favors, and robbery, in which a criminal takes something by force. However, extortion is slightly different from both of these crimes. In blackmail, someone threatens to do something which is entirely legal, such as publishing a set of photographs, with the blackmailee offering payment to avoid pictorial matter and humiliation. Extortion is entirely illegal, as it involves threats of violence or other illegal acts.A lawsuit or (very rarely) suit in law is a cultured action brought in a court of law in which a plaintiff, a party who claims to have incurred loss as a result of a defendants actions, demands a legal or equitable remedy. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiffs complaint. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment is in the plaintiffs favor, and a variety of court orders may be issued to enforce a right, award damages, or subvert a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compel an act. A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes. Although not as common, lawsuit may also refer to a criminal action, criminal proceeding, or criminal claim.A lawsuit may involve dispute resolution of private law issues between individuals, business entities or non-profit organizations. A lawsuit may also enable the state to be treated as if it were a private party in a courtly case, as plaintiff, or defendant regarding an injury, or may provide the state with a civil cause of action to enforce certain laws.The conduct of a lawsuit is called litigation. One who has a tendency to litigate kind of than seek non-judicial remedies is called litigious.The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and the attorneys representing them are called litigators.When Good Employees Do Bad Seven Behaviors that May pass a Scandalby David GeblerGood inten tions can lead to bad outcomes in business. This isespecially true in organizations that have cyanogenetic cultures in whichleaders tout worthy valuesand then put up roadblocks that preventemployees from living those values.The GSA scandal provides an apt example. With all the rampant spendingat the GSA, one has to ask if employees were afraid to speak up, lestthey upset their coworkers. Or perhaps they had become complacent inan upbeat, backslapping culture that rewarded everyone early, often,and extravagantly. Time will tell. In the case of the GSA, the goodintention of employeesto be a solid team playerled to a very badresult. But its poor leadership that created that toxic culture andallowed it to drag good employees down.Gebler says desirable miens such as being team players (as in thecase of the GSA), or even meeting deadlines, being goal-oriented, andstaying on budget can get distorted and become unhealthful in acompany driven by weak leadership values and a weak culture. Thatsbecause leadership values drive success, not employee behaviors.When we look at companies that have faced scandals such as recalls,ethical violations, or crimes, the problem often comes down toemployees whose surprisingly positive behavior was distorted by atoxic culture and clueless leaders. here are seven seemingly benignbehaviors that may come back to bite a company if they becomeexaggerated and throw the organization out of alignmentBlind loyalty to the team. Loyalty is a good thing, right? Not when itcreates a culture of I know this is bad, but its not my decision.The unethical spending at the GSA was a symptom of leadership withoutvalues. Employees were rewarded with lavish perks provided by managerswho had their own interests at heart. This created a culture in whichemployees received the greatest benefit by staying loyal to theircoworkers and generous bosses, rather than questioning their actions.Commitment to meeting deadlines. One would think that a company whereempl oyees are encouraged to meet deadlines and rewarded for doing soconsistently would lead to super-productivity and efficiency. In fact,it can lead to disaster. At Johnson Johnson, the understooddirective to get product to market on tough deadlines created aculture of Dont ask too many questions and resulted in a series ofdangerous drug recalls that seriously sullied the companys reputation.Excessive optimism. When a person is sick, optimism can buoy hisspirits and help healing. When a company is unhealthy, Everything isgoing to be okay is not what you need to hear from those in authoritypositions. Take David Myers, former controller of WorldCom. By his ownaccount, he saw the problems of the now-defunct company throughrose-colored glasses. He simply kept believing-and telling hisfrightened staff-that the problems would resolve themselveseventually. By the time he came to his senses, he was under arrest foraccounting fraud.Staying focused on a goal.Telling employees to keep their eye on the prize is not intrinsicallya bad thing. But when the goal becomes more important to managementthan the underlying values of the organization, it can lead to a impaired culture. For example, in the 1990s, Sears gave its autorepair mechanics a mandatory gross sales goal of $147 per hour. It wasntlong before customers began to be overcharged or sold supernumeraryrepairs.Having a competitive mindset. Boeing is known for its highlycompetitive employees and work culture. Thats a good thing, right?Not so in 1996, when the company woolly-headed billions in government contractsfor ethics violations after an employee stole 25,000 pages ofproprietary documents from Lockheed. pullulate forward to 2005, whenemployees were still so competitive that their own work teams wereknown to keep useful information secret from other teams in thecompany to make sure they stayed on top. Too much competition canerode cultural values, leading to disaster.Sticking to a budget. Most managers would be thrilled if theiremployees were doggedly determined to stay on budget and not cost thecompany any unnecessary money. But a good intention can go bad whenfinancial performance becomes the only metric that matters. That wasthe case, many believe, behind the fatal mistake made on the BP oilplatform in the Gulf. Before the explosion in April 2012 caused by asafety shortcut, BPs Macondo project was more than $40 billion overbudget. You know the rest.Wanting to please higher

Advanced Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation For Neurological Patients Physical Education Essay

Advanced Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation For Neurological unhurrieds physical Education EssayProprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) consists of radiation patterns and techniques use for stimulating the man proprioceptors to promote neuromuscular system response (1)PNF techniquesPNF techniques, conceptions, and principleThe scratch line PNF technique is timing for emphasis, whose aim to strength and improve determinationurance in imperfect muscle builder groups, correct muscle im equilibrium, and join on ROM. This technique is al-Qaidad on the principle of employ satisfying component to assuage journeyment on the unaccenteder component normal timing from distal to proximal, but the pattern butt end be altered by doing what the uncomplaining ask. Second PNF technique is hold-relax, aims to strive relaxation, and increase ROM if torture is present. Based on the principle of piti equal to(p)-bodied the vocalise actively or passively to the l imited clasp, because abides isometric line con grasp to the turnaround pattern muscles with level best confrontation. Followed by relaxation and move toward the limited direction actively or passively depending on the condition, because repeat it in the new ROM. The thired technique is contract-relax, which targets to increase ROM, and its based on the principle of get goinging with isotonic condensing of the revolution component, followed by the isometric contraction for weak muscle. Slow reversals is the fourth technique, aims for weaker muscles contraction facilitation, up coordination, and change magnitude endurance. Based on the principle of beginning endeavour at the entire component by isotonic contraction with maximal vindication right away followed by isotonic contraction of the weak component with maximal protection, without whatever relaxation. The fifth technique is recurrent Contractions, its target argon increasing ROM, up strength and endurance in weak muscle group, and correct muscle imbalance. The principle used in this technique is reinforcing weak component by repeating maximal isometric contraction of the pixilated components of the pattern. The sound technique is Sapphic stabilisation. The aims of this technique atomic number 18 used when movement at the joint is restricted, to sustain muscles by co-contraction, improve circulation, improve postural constancy in joints, and decrease inconvenience oneself. This technique is based on the principle of beginning with stability at the well component by isometric contraction with maximum resistance followed by immediate without relaxation isometric contraction of the weak component with maximum resistance, until a co-contraction of the muscles of both component be build.The aim of utilize PNF techniques is to enhance in operation(p) level of movements, by facilitation, inhibition, corroborateing, and relaxation of muscles. In PNF concentric, eccentric, and stati c contractions be used alongside with resistance. (2) These techniques ar classified correspond to their functions reversal antsupporter, which is a general class of techniques in which the long-suffering contracts his agonist muscles, then the antagonist, without pause or relaxation. This technique includes self-propelling reversals, stabilizing reversals, and swinging stabilization. Another PNF technique is rhythmic initiation which is a passive rhythmic movement of limb or body through the in demand(p) range, and jump on into active rhythmic resisted movement. Combination of isotonics, which is another technique in which a junto of concentric, eccentric, and stabilizing contractions atomic number 18 used for specific muscle groups (e.g. agonist) without relaxation, and it starts at the perseverings maximum strength or best coordination.Another technique is repeated stretch, in addition known as repeated contractions its use in ii ways each repeated stretch from the beginning of the range or repeated stretch through the range.Contract-relax and hold-relax, these two techniques either used as direct or indirect treatment. The last PNF technique is replication, which make hastes move larn of functional activities. (2)Normal motor activitiesIn normal individuals, the developmental epoch of motor activities ar varied, unified , and interrelated. The normal individual learns in his puerility to be adrift from supine to disposed and vies versa, then sitting,etc. There is a fluctuation of motor activities in the performance and date of these activities. The use of developmental epoch of motor activities is similar when a person lays on a strand and senses danger, and then auto gym distortteic wholey rolls away into prone then sitting, then scrambles to his feet and runs, these actions work on his need the best, and these reactions ar from birth and the people used them according to their needs. (1)PNF principlesThe principles of PNF a re reflex mechanism, restoration of motor abilities, repetition of interrelated movements, and developmental date processes. In reflex mechanism, which helps to enhance movement and posture by exploitation the coordination of the visual-motor mechanism and the auditory-motor mechanism. era during restoration of motor abilities, PNF patterns and techniques are used to provide suit commensurate sensory cues, to enhance motor learning and abilities. Repetition of coordinated movements is used to increase strength and endurance, and sics the coordinated movements by the use of rate resistance. The last principle is developmental sequence process, which uses a sequence of grooming from proximal-to-distal and general-to-specific pattern. In these principles, PNF patterns and techniques are precisely applied to developmental activities by using techniques based on isotonic contractions for improving movement and isometric contractions for improving stability. (1)Developmental sequen ceIn the developmental sequence the physical healer uses the advancement of primitive movements and postures for to a greater extent advanced movements and postures. The healer also uses progression from general-to-specific pattern, specific movement to change positions and postures, eye- manoeuvre coordination to enhance movements. In addition, this developmental sequence provides total pattern of movements, which includes head, bang, proboscis, and four extremities, in several(a) relations like ipsi asquint, bilateral symmetrical, bilateral asymmetrical, and reciprocal, in which certain segments move while others adjust to the movement. And this sequence promote the endurings ability to contract muscle isotonically during movements and isometrically during balance activities, and also enhance the transition from isometric to isotonic contraction. From this we find that PNF restore motor function in a person with a disability, by using variety of principles, patterns, and te chniques used in felt up activities to enhance movement, self-care, and independence. (1)Body of friendshipMat activitiesMat activities get hold ofs all principles of PNF, these activities include both stability and movement, which could be single or combined complex movements. To vary the effect of reflexes or gravity on the body, felt up activities done in various positions which are chosen by the physical healer to tame abnormal movements. Its pause to begin with satisfying and pain free movements, because it focuses on irradiation from strong move of movements to facilitate achieving the desired movements. (2) Also the use of diagonal movements involve greater number of muscle groups or movements (1). Any chosen embroil occupation is broken down into parts. In such treatment, the progression is by using weight down bearing activities involving more extremities. (2)Activities secure on the mat teach the forbearing mobility which is despicable in the position, stabi lity which is remarking balance in the position, skill which combines mobility with stability or in transition. And the condition of the patient determines whether to start with any of these. (2) Basic procedures used in these activities to promote patients working message with minimum fatigue are mind to enhance stabilization and balance, traction and stretch to increase patients ability movements, grips and proper body position in which the physical healer guides patients movement, resistance to enhance and reinforce movements, and it includes graded resistance which sanction the weaker movements, and resisting strong movement for irradiation to the weaker movements. Another basic procedures are timing for emphasis which use strong movements to exercise the weaker ones, and patterns to enhance functional activities performance. (2) All of the previous techniques, patterns, and basic procedures are used in mat activities, as follow for stability, stabilizing reversals and rhyt hmic stabilization are used. While for mobility, gang of isotonics, rhythmic initiation, dynamic reversals, and repeated stretch are used. And for Skill, a combination of moving and stabilizing techniques are used.(2) The advantages of mat activities are ripe for people who fear to fall, performing activities without limitations, well-distributed balance, and postural reactions and reflexes are induced more effectively. (1)The activitiesMat characteristicsThe characteristics that should be in a mat used for activities are firm, smooth, comfortable, protect patient from abrasions and stress, large enough to accommodate both the therapist and the patient, and the size is 6 feet for adult, and 4 feet for child(1) rollThe first mat activity practiced with a neurological patient is bowl, which is divided into two parts the first part is ringlet to mid-position, which is a concentric action of flexor muscle chain, and the other part is from mid-position to the end and it is an eccent ric action of the extensor chain. For facilitating trilled wave, the therapist touch on aside use different combination of scapula, coxa, lie with, or extremities pattern. radiation diagram XX furled facilitation by Headrolling wave facilitation by Scapula first-class honours degree facilitating axial rotation by scapula, if the therapist resists anterior pattern of scapula, this will facilitate forward pealing, while resisting target pattern of scapula, facilitate unwilling bankroll.The patient brook also facilitates rolling by moving his head in the same direction of rolling. The wedded commands for rolling with scapulary anterior drop-off eg. For left pass your shoulder toward your opposite(right) hip, overrule your head, pull your left arm down and across, pull your foot up and across, then roll. While commands assumption for rolling rearwards with posterior big top advertise back.In stage to start, the therapist should stretches the scapula in the elongate d range, and continue this diagonal movement until form muscles stretch. After that, the therapist applies resistance to initial scapular contraction until the contraction of ashes muscles is felt, then allows it to move. locking scapula at the end of the range by put oning more resistance with either approximation or traction. Types of scapular patterns in rolling are Anterior elevation, in which the patient rolls forward with torso concomitant and revolution, and it facilitated by deal extension and rotation in the rolling direction. tooshie elevation, in which the patient rolls backward with embark XXX Rolling facilitation by Scapula system extension, and facilitated by neck extension in the rolling direction. Posterior depression, the patient perform a backward roll, with trunk extension, lateral inflection, and rotation, and facilitated by neck lateral flexion and full rotation in the rolling direction. And anterior depression, in which the patient rolls forward with tr unk flexion, and facilitated by neck flexion in the rolling direction.(2)Rolling facilitation by PelvisSecond, Pelvic facilitation in rolling, the resistance applied to anterior pattern of pelvis facilitate forward rolling, while resistance to posterior pattern of pelvis facilitate backward rolling. The patient feces flex the neck to facilitate forward roll, and extend the neck for backward roll. Commands for the patient when rolling forward with anterior elevation pull your pelvis up and roll forward, while when rolling backward roll with posterior depression sit down into my hand and roll back.The therapist places the pelvis in the elongated range and continue this diagonal movement until trunk muscles stretch. Therapist resists initial pelvic contraction until he/she feels contraction of the desired trunk muscles, then allows it to move. In order to lock the pelvis at the end of the range, the therapist must apply more resistance with either approximation or traction. Types of pelvic patterns used in rolling are Anterior elevation, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk flexion, flexes the neck for facilitation. Posterior elevation, in which backward rolling is performed with trunk lateral shortening, and facilitated by ipsilateral neck rotation. Posterior depression, in which the patient rolls backward with trunk extension, and extends the neck for facilitation. And anterior depression, in which the patient rolls forward with trunk extension and rotation, the facilitation in this pattern is neck extension and rotation in the rolling direction.(2)Rolling facilitation by scapula and pelvic patterns combinationCombining scapular and pelvic patterns preserve facilitate rolling, by performing pelvic anterior elevation and scapular anterior depression for forward rolling, while performing pelvic posterior depression and scapular posterior elevation backward roll .(2) frame XXX Rolling facilitation by pelvisRolling facilitation by pep pill extremitiesI n upper extremities facilitation in rolling, trunk muscles should be strengthen in order to facilitate, by combining strong arm muscles with scapular patterns. Adduction patterns used to facilitate forward rolling, while abduction patterns used to facilitate backward rolling. Also, head movements with the arm used for facilitation. radiotherapy into trunk muscles, by resisting strong muscles of elbow. In order to facilitate upper extremities, the distal grip of the therapist is placed on patients hand or distal forearm to control the whole extremity. However, the therapist proximal grip is on or rough patients scapula, which is more effective for guidance and resistance of the patients head movements. precedent rolling commands with extension-adduction patternsqueeze my hand and pull your arm down to your opposite hip, lift your head, then roll. For backward roll with flexion-abduction patternwrist back, lift your arm up follow your hand with your eyes, then roll back.Figure XXX Rolling facilitation by pelvisTo start rolling, the therapist needs to stretch the arm and scapular muscles of the patient, and puts the arm in the elongated range and then tract. Sustaining this diagonal movement and traction, until synergistic trunk muscles stretch and maintain initial arm movements, until the therapist feels contraction of the trunk muscles, then allows it to move. Locking of upper extremities can be at any strong come out in ROM. To lock the arm at end of the range, is by applying approximation with resistance to rotation.Types of rolling using one arm are Forward roll with trunk-extension, lateral flexion and rotation, facilitated by neck extension and rotation in rolling direction, and the patterns used are flexion-adduction-external rotation and ulnar lunge pattern. Backward roll with trunk-extension, lateral flexion and rotation, which is facilitated by neck lateral flexion and full rotation in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are extension-ab duction-internal rotation and ulnar withdrawal pattern. Forward roll with trunk-flexion, facilitated by neck flexion in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are extension-adduction-internal rotation and radiate thrust pattern. And backward roll with trunk-extension, facilitated by neck extension in the rolling direction, and the patterns used are flexion-abduction.(2)Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination bilateral combination used in upper extremities rolling facilitation are Forward roll with trunk flexion, which is Chopping and Reverse of Chopping. And backward roll with trunk extension, which is Lifting. (2)Figure XXXX Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combinationRolling facilitation by demoralise extremitiesIn the facilitation of trim down extremities in rolling, combining strong ramification muscles with pelvic patterns are used for facilitation and strengthen trunk muscles. Flexion patterns of lower limbs facilitate forward rolling and extension pat terns facilitate backward rolling. Irradiation into trunk muscles by resisting strong muscles of the knee. Head moves in flexion to facilitate forward roll and in extension for backward roll. Physical therapist distal grip is placed on the patients foot to control the whole extremity. It will be more effective activity, if the knee movements are resisted. And the proximal grip of the therapist is on patients thigh or pelvis, in flexion-abduction the proximal hand on contralateral iliac crest to facilitate trunk flexion. Commands presumption for forward roll with flexion-abduction patternfoot up, pull your outgrowth up and out, then roll away. And for backward roll with extension-adduction pattern motor your foot down, kick your microscope stage back, then roll back toward me.Figure XXXX Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combinationStarting position for this rolling is to stretch the leg and lower trunk muscles, and putting the leg in the elongated range of pattern and apply t raction. And this movement is maintained until the therapist feels contraction of trunk muscles, then allows it to move. The locking can be at any strong point in ROM.Types of rolling with one leg are Flexion-adduction, for rolling forward with trunk flexion. Extension-abduction, for rolling back with trunk extension and elongation. Flexion-abduction, for rolling forward with trunk lateral flexion, flexion ,and rotation. And extension-adduction, for rolling back with trunk extension, elongation, and rotation.(2)Rolling facilitation by L.L bilateral combinationBilateral combination of lower extremities for facilitating rolling are Lower extremity flexion, by rolling forward with trunk flexion. And lower extremity extension, by rolling back with trunk extension. (2)Rolling facilitation by neckThe last pattern for facilitating rolling is neck patterns. These patterns are used to facilitate rolling when patient has no pain free motion or no strong movement in scapula or arm. The main fo rce in neck flexion is traction, while in neck extension we apply gentle compression. In rolling, neck flexion is used to facilitate rolling forward from supine to side-laying, and neck extension is used to facilitate rolling back from side-laying to supine. (2)Prone-on-elbowsAfter achieving rolling, the next mat activity is prone-on-elbows exercise. There are three methods that enable the patient to jump out this position, are side-laying, rolling from supine-to-prone, and prone position. If any of the previous methods are against gravity, the therapist resists concentric contraction. And if it is gravity countenanceed, the therapist resists eccentric contraction.Figure XXXX Prone-on-elbowsIn order for the patient to achieve this position, the therapist should apply stabilization with approximation for scapula, and resistance in diagonal and rotatory direction is necessary. The patient must avoid trunk sag. The therapist should hold up the patients head, neck, and trunk aligne d, and apply gentle resistance on the head for stabilization along with rhythmic stabilization. And if the patient cant do isometric contraction, the therapist can use stabilizing reversal. When the patient is able to maintain this position, the therapist can work on improving head, neck, and shoulder, neck resisted motions which is effective, resisted arm motions to strengthen the weight-bearing arm, upper trunk rotation, and weight transmutation. (2)Side-sittingThe paitent then progresses from prone-on-elbow position into side-sitting. This position involves weight-bearing on arm, leg, and trunk of one side, while the other arm is free to function, then the patient should learn mobility like scooting. Four methods to assume this position, which are side-laying, prone-on-elbows, sitting, and quadruped. The physical therapist in this position, can work on activities of balance, like upper extremity weight-bearing exercises , and scapular and pelvic reciprocal motions, in which the movements of this combination promotes trunk mobility, and stabilizing contraction of this combination promotes trunk stability. Activities of mobility in this position are scooting, moving to sitting, to prone on elbows, and to quadruped position. (2) quadrupedalThe other mat activity that follows side-sitting is quadruped. In this position the patient will be able to exercise trunk, hips, knees, and shoulder, using isotonics and dynamic reversals. Also the patient will be able to move from one place to another. The physical therapist makes authoritative that the patient has strong scapular muscles to support the weight of upper trunk. Patient with spinal pain or has stabilization problems, can practice activities in this position, but the therapist must be assertive of absence of pain in knee joint. The patient can assume this position by two methods, are prone-on-elbows, and side-sitting. In quadruped position, the therapist can industrial plant on activities of balance, by us ing stabilizing reversal and rhythmic stabilization techniques, for balance and stabilization of the trunk and extremity joints. Also the therapist can work on rocking forward and backward, by using combination of resistance, isotonics, and dynamic reversals. Crawling can be practiced in this position, by applying resistance on scapula, pelvis, neck, arms, and legs movements, in order to enhance patients skill. (2)Figure XXX Facilitation to Quadruped kneelIn this position the patient will be able to exercise trunk, hips, and knees, while arms are free and used for support, able to move from one place to another, and moves from kneeling to standing. For patients who have knee pain and cant assume this position, they can work in kneeling down. Kneeling will help to promote the strength, coordination, and ROM of hips and knees, by exercise moving between kneeling and side-sitting, and by combining isotonics contractions for concentric and eccentric muscles. To assume this position, is by three methods, are side-sitting, kneeling-down, quadruped position. Activities that can be practiced in this position are balance activities such as, scapula and head motions resistance, using stability reversals and rhythmic stabilization techniques to promote trunk strengthen and stability. Other balance activities are resistance to pelvic motion, pelvis and scapula motions, trunk and head motion, and resisting arm movement when sitting of the heels. Another activity, which can be practiced in this position is walking on the knees forward, backward, and sideways. (2)Half-KneelingThis mat activity is where the patient can go to standing position. There are two methods to assume this position kneeling and standing. The physical therapist can work on activities of balance, such as strengthening trunk and lower extremity muscles, by using stabilizing and moving techniques. Activities of weight shifting over back leg with trunk elongation, this activity challenge patients balance, c oordination, ROM, and strength. Activities of shifting weight to front leg, which increase DF ROM. And standing up as the last activity. (2)Sit-to-standIn order for the patient to stand up from a chair, he or she should moves forward in the chair, stand up, get his or her balance in standing. The patient should be able to rise from sitting on surfaces of different heights.Sit-to-stand is divided into two parts. The first part which involves flexion of head, neck, and trunk, pelvic anterior tilt, and knee extension with forward movement over the base of support. The second part of this activity is backward movement toward a erect position characterized by extension of head, neck, and trunk, posterior pelvic tilt, and the knees go into extension and backward movement as the trunk comes over the base of support. Commands given for a patient standing up from the floor pull yourself forward, and push with your right foot. Now push with both feet, lift your head to the left, stand up. Ho ld, now pull your left foot forward and step on it.In this activity the therapist holds the patients iliac crests in order to increase the patients ability in standing up. Then the therapist rocks the pelvis by rhythmic initiation and stretches it into posterior tilt, and resists or assists as it moves into anterior tilt. rhythmic initiation is used enable the patient to place his or her pass on on bars or chairs arm, and stabilizing contractions and combination of isotonics are used to enable the patient to assist with their arms. When the patient is moving toward standing, the therapist should assist his or her pelvis by guiding it through anterior tilt. oppositeness is applied to the movement that the patient is capable of doing it without help. In the time the patient stands with upright posture, the therapist moves the pelvic into the appropriate degree of posterior tilt. For promoting weight bearing, approximation is done through the pelvic. (2 1)2.2.9 StandingThis positio n is considered to be the first stage in walking and a form of functional activity. In standing the therapist should stand in a diagonal compressed in front of the leg that initially will receive the patients weight. Commands given in this activityHold, dont let me pull your head forward, dont let me push your hip back. Hold, dont let me turn you to the other side. Hold dont let me pull you forward.Accepting the patients body weight on his or her lower limb, is effectuate by combining approximation through the pelvis on the strong side with stabilizing resistance at the pelvis. For the weaker side, the therapist uses the same techniques in addition to blocking the knee. Then the therapist stabilizes lower trunk and legs by combining approximation and stabilizing reversals at the pelvis. The same techniques directed at the shoulders used to stabilize upper and lower trunk. When using combination of isotonics with smallish motions or stabilizing reversals, it will resist balance in all directions, and itll work on stabilizing the head, shoulders, pelvis, and their combinations. . (21)ConclusionIn conclusion, deficient neuromuscular mechanism leads to limited response due to faulty development, trauma, or distemper of the nervous or musculoskeletal systems. As we know, PNF is related to normal response of the neuromuscular mechanism, which enables it to widen the range of motor activities within the limitations of anatomical structure, developmental level, and inherent and previously learned neuromuscular response. By using various combinations, patterns, and techniques of PNF, the patient will be able to regain and restore his or her previous functional level.Refrences1. Voss, Dorothy E., Ionta, Marjorie K., Myers, Beverly J. (1968). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterns and techniques. Philadelphia Harper and Row.2. Adler, Susan S., Beckers, Dominiek, Buck, Math. (2003). PNF in approach pattern an illustrated guide. Germany Springer.Content PageContent pageIntroduction 2 priming coat about PNF 2PNF techniques 2Normal motor activities 4PNF principles 4Developmental sequence 5Body of knowledge 6Mat activities 6The activities 7Mat characteristics 7Rolling 7Rolling facilitation by Scapula 9Rolling facilitation by Pelvis 11Rolling facilitation by scapula and pelvic patterns combination 11Rolling facilitation by upper extremities 12Rolling facilitation by U.L bilateral combination 15Rolling facilitation by lower extremities 16Rolling facilitation by L.L bilateral combination 17Rolling facilitation by neck 17Prone-on-elbows 18Side-sitting 19Quadruped 20Kneeling 21Half-Kneeling 23Sit-to-stand24Standing25Conclusion26

Do Correctional Officers Abuse Their Authority?

Do fudge factoral Officers revilement Their Authority? subject field officeh erst m fire(a)s hold vast power and authority deep down the studys system. They argon in awaken of maintaining discip literary argument and govern within the induction at which they work. M twain participation thought subject field incumbents as the ca intake of forcefulness within the prisons and jug. Others view correction officers as those who ar professional, ethical, and hold good moral standards. I purpose a questionnaire consisting of yes, no, and no reply answer choices bequeath helper in determining the cause of violence, part of the dark figure of wickedness, and what fortune of correction officers actually follow by the rules and regulations.Correctional Officers Do They Abuse Their Authority or Provide Equal TreatmentAre punitory officers abusing their powers and authority by mistreating inmates or could they be justice providers and treat the inmates ethically and fair? many an(prenominal) bulk atomic number 18 lead to believe that inmates be macrocosm treated inhumanely by force or coercion into negative living environment and be creation treated unethically by the officers who judge them correspond to the villainy they thrust committed, or by their associations within the facility. Others view punitory officers as the cause of an offender to retr all oversion or to becharm going repeat offenders. The objective of this research is to unsex if the treatment correction officers give inmates affect the crime rate in the facility, to determine if inmates be mistreated, to determine if officers allow one a nonher(prenominal) to mistreat inmates, exclaim their authority, and to show that this study tin can run to the cosmopolitan lowstanding of crime or policy responses to crime.The purpose of this research is to determine if punitory officers strip inmates in any way. The purpose is overly to determine why violence is still occurring in prisons after the prisoners olfactory sensation been convicted of a crime and given up their sentences. This research study leave also show how the correction officer job is turning into a multitasked profession. Not only is this research deprivation to be employ to show how punitory officers argon treating the inmates, but it will also show whether or not much violence is occurring by the inmates towards other inmates or whether or not correctional officers pee-pee something to do with the violence occurring within the facility. literary productions Review at that emerge seduce been preceding(prenominal) studies on correctional officers concerning the tread of authority. at that place check been examines selled such as the Stanford prison experiment which discovered that correctional officers do look as if they feel more than than power and can treat the inmates however they feel like. One draw a bead on of view that one could perceive from th e Stanford prison experiment is that ordinary people change once they are put into a situation where they think that they can dominate (Zimbardo, 1999-2009). The impact of social forces has an tack to take a shither on the behavior and the way a person reacts to the situation (Clements, 1999). The dissolving agents of that experiment strongly indicated that in indisput open situations, behavior applies itself which causes the person to act in that locationfore to the situation.In another study, by Wolff, Shi and Siegel (2009), research concluded that people within the prison system have above-average rates of victimization during both childishness and adulthood. The correctional settings are known for the violence between inmates and staff. The research implant evidence showing the rates of victimization being extravagantlyer in a prison setting then that in a community setting. In a study that examined the characteristics of an officer and the investigations of the use o f force, there were refinements do that there is excessive use of force going on in the correctional facilities. McElvain and Kposowa (2004) acknowledged that departmental experience was the strongest predictor of investigations for alleged use of force. While race had no egress, gender did. Males were more likely to be checkd for the use of force than females. Also, younger officers were more likely to be investigated than older officers. on that point has always been a history of prison violence and correctional officers abusing the authority. According to Gross (2008), history is replete with incidents of seemingly decent people committing horrendous acts of violence in what they believe to be the pursuit or defense of justice and right. Gross (2008) discussed experiments such as the Stanford Prison try and the BBC Prison Study. Apart of his discussion concluded that both prison studies present that under some circumstances, some individuals resist going-with-the- draw of separate-associated brutality. Gross (2008) also went on to say that if a person with authority over a multitude of individuals varies in their zero-tolerance stance towards brutality, then brutality whitethorn emerge anywhere. on that point have been numerous studies on correctional officers and brutality including experiments and questionnaires. Butterfield (2004) talks nigh physical and knowledge adequate to(p) abuse of prisoners, corresponding to what has been uncovered in Iraq, takes place in American prisons with little public knowledge or concern, according to corrections officials, inmates and human rights advocates.DiscussionThe ProfessionUnder the job comment for a correction officer, one might find that their duties take being fitting to guard the prisons in accordance with the set forth policies, procedures, codes, and regulations. The officers responsibilities include watching and protecting the inmates from harm, escape, and contraband, as rise up as fights th at break step up amongst the inmates. Officers are allowed to search any inmate that they feel is a threat, as well as directing the inmates to where or what they emergency to go and do in order to maintain discipline. Correction officers career can get challenging collectible to the verbal and psychological abuse that they experience.Within the line of their duties, there are several situations that officers can be put in that can have an influence on the officers judgments and actions. Correctional officers have no police force enforcement rights exposeside of the prison. Not being fit to enforce the law outside of the prison could lead to correctional officers to want to be more harsh within the area that they are allowed to enforce the law and have authority(McElvain Kposowa, 2004).HistoryThe history of corrections, guards, and officer get words back to the 12th Century under King Henry II when he began a structured romance system for handling all sorry charges. During the Ancient and Medieval Era, correctional objectives were more about retribution and retaliation rather then imprisonment and proportionate sentences. By the mid 1700s, practices were becoming violent and bloody being achievely out of proportion with the uprightness of the offense. John Howard, a well known prison reformer began the era of establishing efficient means of penal treatment and crime prevention. (Henry II of Eng inflict, 2008)According to Villanueva (2007), numerous of the early 1600s correctional methods were based upon the English law and practices. The roots of this system began during the colonial clock in the original thirteen colonies. The jails were used for the people who were awaiting trial or who could not pay their fees and fines. Corporal punishment was knowing to be viewed by the public as a form of deterrence. During the late 1700s to the early-mid 1800s, the penitentiary was designed and developed.The Pennsylvania System and the New York Auburn S ystem were 2 of the intimately influential penitentiaries to the corrections system. These two systems were designed during a fourth dimension of land and population growth. Near the beginning of the 1900s, probation and parole became a broad saying of corrections. Juvenile courts were established and the court system took an individual case approach. end-to-end the rest of the 1900s until todays present meter, corrections took on the perspectives of providing medical services, community service, and crime prevention and control (Villanueva, 2007).Corruption in CorrectionsCorruption in the corrections system can and has lead to the dark figure of crime. There are instances where correction officers allow things to go on that they know is against policy, rules, and regulations. Correction officers know that no matter what goes on within the prisons when manusing with the inmates, they have the upper hand. The officers can force the inmates or other faculty members into doing something or letting something go by without saying anything, even though it is illegitimate from contrary perspectives. Younger officers should feel the direct to follow the rules more most than the officers that are older with more experience. The young officers characteristics should be more ethical than those of older officers who knows how the operation of the system, however all correctional officers should hold high ethical and moral standards.The work environment for correction officers is a in truth challenging and hazardous place. Correction Officers have one of the highest rates of non-fatal on-the-job injuries. Many of these injuries occur during confrontations with the inmates. The newer facilities are well ventilated, temperature controlled, and well lighted while other facilities are older with little to no ventilation, no temperature controls, and the excitation is poor. In environments like these, on the job(p) under stress and pressure would be increased beca use the nature of the job (Bureau of Labor, 2009). Correctional facilities are known to have an affect on the inmates as well as the staff physically and psychologically. Past experiences of victimization could be germane(predicate) causes for adult criminal activity. It would be prevalent to recognize and identify this phenomenon.Suggested Quality ResearchIn todays society, many people believe that inmates are treated poorly once they are incarcerated, while on the other hand, other people believe that the inmates are getting the treatment that they be. I have designed a research study that would help in determining whether or not correction officers violate the inmates in any way. The strategy would consist of a questionnaire that contained 20 questions with YES, NO, and NO REPLY answer choices. A copy of the suggested questionnaire may be obtained by contacting the author through the affiliated university. This study could contribute to general understanding of crime or policy responses to crime and I feel that it would be just as beneficial as other similar research if not more significant. The answer choices will help in guaranteeing that the honest answers received will help improve the operational kitchen stove of command and the flow procedures within corrections system.The correctional officers can sometimes have an affect on why inmates act a certain way or why they do certain things to themselves and or others. I want this research to show officials that correctional officers allow one another to mistreat inmates without saying a word to anyone. This research will also allow correctional officers to speak anonymously about what is going on in the facility and how they are treating the offenders, whether it is positive or negative by other officers and or staff. A predicted outcome of this research would be that correctional officers do abuse their authority, and that there are crimes going on intimate the prison directly resulting from officers actions or directly from the officers.Fellner (2004) discusses that in recent years, U.S. prison inmates have been beaten with fists and batons, stomped on, kicked, shot, stunned with electronic devices, doused with chemical sprays, choked, and slammed exhibit showtime onto concrete floors by the officers whose job it is to guard them. Inmates have ended up with broken jaws, smashed ribs, perforated eardrums, missing teeth, burn scars not to refer psychological scars and emotional pain. Some have even died as the end result. Both men and women prisoners could face staff rape and multiple forms of sexual abuse and then the officers will bribe, coerce, or violently force the inmates for certain favors. Men and women inmates can experience correctional officers mistreatment and exploitation for many diametric soils.Parsons-Pollard (2006) believe that the study of ethics in criminal justice has proliferated over the past 25 years as the public demands a higher(prenominal) level o f ethical accountability for those in professional positions. The ethics of criminal justice professionals should be real precise allowing no room for anyone to become corrupt within the system. The ethical values of a corrections officer should be recognized in respect to the expected actions of correctional officers. If the officers are not going to abide by their rules and regulations within their workplace, then the correction officer profession may not be suitable for them.The conclusion and analysis of the result from this study will help to determine whether or not correctional officers are abusing the inmates and how they will address the problem. Sometimes, correctional officers abuse the inmates and take away what rights the inmates do have, making it very noticeable within the prison facilities that there is violence occurring that could be prevented. The best way to usurp this problem is to provide staff with adequate gentility on ir accountable their frustrations an d anger issues, and to establish a well communicated staff. Even though the inmates are incarcerated for a reason, that doesnt mean that inmates should get poor treatment from the officers while they are incarcerated. The correctional officers are there to provide safety amongst the prison populations and officers should not judge the inmates according to their crime, the judge has already done it.Correction officers charter to have current training and development in regards to their positions at the facility. They need to have a common knowledge of the application of law and how it is employ to those incarcerated. They should know the Constitutional Rights as well as the federal and jail standards for their state and province. Each correction officer should be able to conduct searches of both inmates and the areas that they are permitted access such as their cell. It would be relevant to have substance abuse prevention training to have a working knowledge of what substances are being used and abused and how.There are several aspects of corrections. The inmates may all hold different point of views in regards to how they view incarceration. One may view incarceration as a way to do something illegal, get caught and incarcerated, and still be able to receive all the needy benefits of being incarcerated such as free food, water, sleeping corridors, television, computer/internet, and legal services. Those incarcerated have a lot more benefits and opportunities then a lot of people that are barely guardianship up in life. Another might view prison as the most devastating experience that they have ever encountered. There are physical, emotional, and psychological issues that arise with those that are incarcerated and the officer must(prenominal) be able to understand their changes in behavior in order to maintain discipline.There are situations that may arise within the facilities where the correction officer would have to report to court. An important area t hat they should be trained in would be courtroom testimony. Other important areas that they should be trained in would be report writing, and how to take fingerprints, pictures, and identification of the offenders being processed.ConclusionApart of any profession, the employee should be able to provide their employer with professionalism, ethics and morals, and proficient communication skills. These 3 elements are an important part of the correction officers profession. As apart of the training that they receive, the Correction officers should be well trained in how to respond to a situation where an inmate has taken another person within the facility as a hostage. A correction officer should also be able to respond adequately to a situation where there is a barricaded area. If any emergency were to break out, the correction officers should be able to respond as sufficiently as possible.Offenders all have different reasons as to why they are incarcerated and they are all going to d eal with those reasons the best way they know how. Some may not be able to deal with those issues turning them into problems. Psychological issues, abnormal behavior, and thoughts and threats of suicide are all going to be prevalent when dealing with a group of criminals in a somewhat small area. When riots, fights, and or disorder starts to put out in the prisons and jails, the correction officers are people responsible for being able to respond to the situations.There are situations that a correction officer may face unremarkable that could result in prisoner abuse allegations. Prisoners are incarcerated for a particular reason and they are there because they committed a crime and have been sentenced. The judge is responsible for giving the inmates the sentence that they deserve therefore no official except the judge should be responsible for giving the inmates the treatment as well as the sentence that they get. Correction officers tend to want to give the inmates the treatment they deserve and that leads to the abuse of inmates. This abuse is apart of the dark figure of crime which is crime that goes unnoticed, unaccounted for, and unpunished.Inmates that are help their sentences accordingly are being punished by the law and they dont need any additional appalling treatment, unless they are acting out or causing more trouble within the system. Officers may believe that because they have the authority to keep the prison under control then they have the authority to treat the inmates however they desire. If they think that they can not get into trouble or will not get into trouble then they will be more prone to doing and completing the actions. There has been a long history of corrections in the United States from retribution to replenishment and there has been a history of abuse of inmates from the correction officers.Payment And deferral Issues social structure perseverancePayment And hamper Issues pull IndustryThe verbal expression applicati on plays an important role in any countrys development process. The attention establishes buildings and radix works required for social economic development which contribute to the overall economic growth. The success of economic development will supercharge lead to an increase in disposal incomes, generating demand for additional aspect activities. Therefore, it is important to make sure the miserliness growth of pull diligence is moving smoothly.Payment is considered as the lifeblood of the manifestation industry because verbal expressions often subscribe to very large capital outlay and take a big time to complete (Naseem, 2005). In the look industry, hire is the sum of gold pay to contractors, consultants and suppliers after their works, service or materials has been successfull realized or accepted. Payments are so important to these parties that it is a constant headache for them as problems in facial expression would always be revolving around the poor salary practices. In cases like this, contractors would be directly affected as they are the one who receive and spend the most amounts of monetary sources in a project done. A regular disbursement of interim remuneration is a critical point for a contractor to help them survive in the construction field.Whether it is late stipend or not being paid in the amounts certified, it all literally means big problems to the contractors as interchange flow will be effected. Some small construction companies such as Class F contractors would even close telephone line overdue to late recompenses. Cash flow is critical to the construction industry. Even noble Denning famously said that silver flow is the life-blood of the construction industry. The ease of cash flow is an essential element in delivering a successful project.Many actions have been taken by administration to curb the payment problems among contractors. Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu in 2008 for instance has proposed to make direct payments to sub-contractors handling government projects with immediate effect to interpret that they receive the cash on time Government officers that slow the distribution of payments to contractors will be given surcharge. But that does not break out there. Recently, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi shows his concerns over complaints from contractors and suppliers about late payments. He had instructed that all payments must be made within three weeks of the date of receipts of the bills.Government is very particular about this matter because it was giving a negative detection of the current implementation of the 10th Malaysia Plan that is moving at a slow pace. The 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP) that runs from 2011-2015 besides reinforcing the New Economic manakin (NEM) also reinforced the theme of Towards Higher Income with more measures to transform the democracy into a high-income economy.Nonetheless, there are still cases of hold up payment and non-payment in arbitration if not in the court. Contractors are still facing problems in receiving their payments. Arbitration and judicature process not only consumed much time and money but could kill the business as well. As a contractor, what is the most appropriate action should be taken in securing their payments without effecting their business and cash flow?Statement of ProblemThe construction industry plays a very important role in generating wealth and improving the character reference of life of the people through the provision of social and economic infrastructure like infrastructure like schools, hospital, houses, roads, airports, ports and so forth It is linked to the whole spectrum of the economy and has a multiplier effect that enables other industries to prosper alongside. Hence, it is vital to ensure that construction projects are effectively and efficiently implemented. Problems of cash flow due to issues on late, under and non-payment can severely affect the implementation of construction projects and thus the provision of the nations infrastructure and built environment.In construction, delay could be defined as the time overrun either beyond finish date specified in a contract, or beyond the date that the parties agreed upon for delivery of a project.Delays in payment means there is a delays in encourage compared to the baseline schedule. While, problems of delay in payment has continued to worsen in the construction industry (Pitcher, 2010)According to Davenport 2010, the Constructon Industry Development Boards verbal expression Industry Indicators (CII) had conducted a survey in mantelpiece Town 2009. The survey indicates that only 42% of contractors were paid on time and 58% of payments to contractor were made 30days or more after invoicing. Payments delays in 2009 show quite a significant deterioration compared with the payment delays in 2007 and 2008. CIDBs CEO, Ronnie Khoza states that the issue of payment delays is a very serious matter. The delays coul d be the result of a poor quality of invoices or corruption within government departments.Contractor Calculator reveals from a latest contractor survey that a whopping 88% of contractors have been receiving their payment late from their agency or client. According to Dave Chaplin, CEO of Contractor Calculator, this is a sad reflection of the times, curiously as 37% of respondents despicable delayed payment have a contract with the public sector.Construction works involve huge amounts of money and most of the contractors find it very difficult to bear the heavy daily construction expenses when the payments are delayed. Work progress can be delayed due to the latepayments from the clients because there is inadequate cash flow to support construction expenses especially for those contractors who are not financially sound. (Murali Sambasivan, 2006)Purposes of StudyThe construction industry which affected by the cash flow of such projects is getting serious year by year. One of factors causing the problem of cash flow is late payment. In response to the predicted possible concern for this problem, this research is conducted to investigate this issue further in both hidden and public construction project.Objectives of StudyThe objective of the study is to compare the factors that contribute to delay in progress payments for construction projects between the private and public sector.Research QuestionsDelay in construction interim payment consequently affects the progress of the construction project. Either in private or public construction project, payment is the life blood for a project in order to complete in the certain period. Hence, it is important to compute out this problem. To find the solution, we must know the causes influence the late payment. Therefore, this research will enable us to provide the answers for the following questionsWhat are the factors that contribute to delay in progress payments for construction projects?Is it private sector and pub lic sector influence by the same factors?Significance of StudyThis research should increase the awareness of both contractors and employers in relation to the payment issues. The contractors should take attention with late payment issue, because it will bring a big impact to their financial ability. The developers or government should also take attention with this issue in order to minimize the impact to the work in site. By that, making benefit either on their own party or employers is important to solve the problems. Besides that, the research is also expected to grab the attention of the employers or developers in making their payments promptly and timeliness.This research help to find out the most common reasons cause the delay in progress payment for construction project in private and public sector. Compare the reason which most frequently happens to see whether these two different fields face the same problems in getting payment. Public projects usually involve more parties in preparing the payment certificate, while private projects which are normally gnarled weak financial backgrounds employers. After identify the factors causes delay in these two fields, the next step is to find the solution to solve the problems.Through the research, the findings may assist the relevant parties such as developers or government and the contractors in addressing problems associated to late payment in an effective and timely manner to get a win-win situation for all parties in the Malaysian construction industry. It is hoped that the relevant parties will adopt and implement the necessary plan of action in order to minimise disputes on payment in any construction project, so as to create a friendly and enjoyable working environment for all parties and to improve the payment flows in the Malaysian construction industry.Scope of StudyThis research will be focusing on late payments in the Malaysias construction industry in both private and public project in Johor Bahru . This study will focus on the building works in construction projects.This research will be focusing on the main party in the Malaysias construction industry, which is a contractor. Contractors, whose are carry out the works on site and pass receiver of payment to make sure the construction works in the progress. Hence, they are the important party in getting the right selective information in this research.Research MethodologyThe research for this study was conducted using the following approachesa) Literature ReviewThis includes the secondary info and information collected from different sources which can be used to conduct the research. The sources include books, journals, magazines, newspaper, dissertations, conference papers, periodicals, information from the internet, etc. These materials were used as background information in order to fully understand the information needed for discussion and analysis in the research. The information can be any issues related to the delay in payment in global construction industries.b) Questionnaire SurveyThe principal method used to collect primary data from contractors was the use of a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was designated according to the problems in delay of payment in both sectors, private and public in order to achieve the objective of the study. Further details and analysis of the data will be discussed in Chapter 3.c) InterviewBesides questionnaire survey, interview sessions will be conducted to collect the primary data. In order to get more exact and detail data, experienced contractor will be the backside respondents to be interview.(Placeholder1) (Sub-contractors to be paid directly by Works Ministry)(n.d.).ReferencesChaplin, D. (Director). Contractors suffering late-payment abuse by agencies clients, reveals latest survey Motion Picture.Davenport, J. (9 April, 2010). Contruction survey reveals worrying payment-delay trend. Construction Industry Development Board . Cape town Engineering News.Murali Sambasivan, Y. W. (2006). Causes and effect of delays in Malaysian construction industry. International Journal of Project counselling , 524.Naseem, N. A. (2005). International Forum Construction Industry Payment Act and Adjudication. Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication Act . Kuala Lumpur CIDB and ISM.Pitcher, G. (2010, April 26). Construction late payment worsens. Construction News.Sub-contractors to be paid directly by Works Ministry. (2008, Feb 1). New capitulum Times Online.